The Cafe Down The Road From The Library Essay - 1627 Words

The cafe down the road from the library was the kind of place ordinary people would visit once by accident. They’d then skip town at earliest convenience. Those of them who were unfortunate enough to live nearby had the good sense to stay away save for Tuesday and Thursday evenings. The man who kept the counter five days a week was stocky and bearded, though very well-groomed. On the street, he was just as likely to be mistaken for a lumberjack as he was for a barber. He had a short temper. If anyone asked about it, he’d say that his fuse used to be much longer. Until he used it to pay the devil for the large collection of flavored syrups he kept displayed behind the counter. The menu was a giant. It was a shame that the man who wrote it was simply unsuited for food service and couldn’t be bothered to learn how to prepare the exotic and tantalizing creations he painstakingly recorded on the walls. Everyone who experienced the caramelly nutmeg concoctions invariable faced an existential crisis of some kind. Who am I? What am I doing? How did I get here? What is it that is so hopelessly broken about my life? But foremost among these: Who is this man who enjoys so much the doling of pain? The mystery was a welcome preoccupation for the otherwise unoccupied residents. The story went that he had to flee his beloved hometown due to tensions with the mob. There was some disparity over whether he was a contract killer who hit the wrong mark, or he’d just gotten a little tooShow MoreRelatedEssay on Karachi1130 Words   |  5 Pagespeople trying to get from one part of town to the other. The presence of the Central Bus station, multiple bazaars and c ommercial buildings has added to the congestion and unmanuverability of the place. By night Saddar is a favourite haunt for drug addicts and the homeless. The Saddar of Khan’s University days however was a golden glittering Saddar, the centre of all creative and cultural activity in the city. The author navigates the streets disappointed to find that the cafes, patisseries and bookshopsRead MoreThe University Of Arkansas At Monticello1207 Words   |  5 Pagesto be more beneficial than others. A few events I have attended included freshman orientation, grabbing lunch with a classmate, viewing a show of fireworks with my friend, and taking a stroll through the campus. Out of the four, I benefitted greatly from the stroll through campus. The start of my quest to come to be involved with my university began with freshman orientation on the seventeenth of August. This was the first instance I had ever stepped foot on the campus, and I was so nervous that IRead MoreUnderstanding Library Impact On Student Learning1449 Words   |  6 PagesMany college decisions alone are made upon the evaluation of a campus’ facilities, most importantly, the library; the central spot students meet and attain their studies. The Watauga campus of Caldwell Community College and Technical Institute has been neglected and is in dire need of a more sophisticated and modern academic library. Academic libraries benefit students, as well as faculty members. They offer a place for students studying alone or with a group, provide reference materials, and inRead MoreInternet Cafe Business Plan1664 Words   |  7 PagesCHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING INTRODUCTION An Internet cafà © or cybercafà © is a place which provides internet access to the public, usually for a fee. These businesses usually provide snacks and drinks, hence the cafà © in the name. 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Having been in Cambridge for nearly a year which includes three semesters: â€Å"Michaelmas†Ã£â‚¬ Ã¢â‚¬Å"Lent†Ã£â‚¬ Ã¢â‚¬Å"Easter†, I am still not very familiar with these streets and roads which have complicated names and actuallyRead MoreResearch on Internet Cafe1785 Words   |  8 PagesAn internet cafà © or cybercafà © is a place where one can use a computer with Internet access, most for a fee, usually per hour or minute; sometimes one can have unmetered access with a pass for a day or month, etc. It may serve as a regular cafà © as well, with food and drinks being served. | | [pic] Cyberia: one of the worlds first Internet cafà ©s, London, 1994 The internet cafe phenomenon was started in July 1991 by Wayne Gregori in San Francisco when he began SFnet Coffeehouse Network. 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Art And Renaissance And Baroque Italy - 2331 Words

In the debate over the proper way in which to make art in Renaissance and Baroque Italy, the debate, seems to have hardened into a matter of disegno and colore, with each representing a whole artistic philosophy exacerbated by an wrapped up in civic pride, competition and individual ego. If taken at face value, disegno, represented by Georgio Vasari and practiced in Florence, was the essence of rationality and intellectual detail, demanding artists who could be â€Å"universal† (this being too early to call themselves â€Å"Renaissance men†), and engage in planning out projects with extensive sketches, experiments in perspective, technical mastery and serious study of classical models and living masters. For Vasari, disegno was a â€Å"mental faculty by which, through abstraction from nature, an idea was evoked in the artist’s mind which determined the forms created by him,† in a process of invenzione. Famously, he related the story of an artist who saw just the paw of a lion sculpted from marble, but because the disegno was so good, the viewer could follow through and visualize the entire beast. A paragon of this process would be an academician, professionalized by formal study of anatomy, optics and perspective and would be familiar with common pattern books. All of this preparation allowed the Florentine artist to work in the unforgiving medium of fresco, where the fast-drying plaster yielded beautiful colors, but allowed for no hesitation and no mistakes. On the other sideShow MoreRelatedComparison/Contrast Renaisssance and Baroque Essay967 Words   |  4 PagesThe baroque and renaissance periods are two different periods. The renaissance period rolled into the baroque era. There were changes made over the years from the baroque to the renaissance period. Differences in style accumulated along with views of art and music. 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Florentine artists revived an art that was almost dead, Villani asserts, just as Dante had restored poetry after its decline in the Middle Ages. The revival was begun by Cimabue and completed by Giotto, who equalled the ancient paintersRead MoreEssay on Art from Baroque Period Through the Postmodern Era1486 Words   |  6 PagesArt from Baroque Period through the Postmodern Era Renaissance art history began as civic history; it was an expression of civic pride. The first such history was Filippo Villanis De origine civitatis Florentiae et eiusdem famosis civibus, written about 1381-82. Florentine artists revived an art that was almost dead, Villani asserts, just as Dante had restored poetry after its decline in the Middle Ages. 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Thereafter, I was required to identify at least two examples of art, music, architecture, philosophy, and literature depicted during the periods. By doing so, I expected to identify how these examples reflected world events and cultural blueprintsRead MoreMannerism and Baroque1152 Words   |  5 PagesMannerism and Baroque Western Governors University Literature, Arts and the Humanities: Analysis and Interpretation IWT1 May 8, 2013 Mannerism and Baroque If you study art history at any length, you will become aware of the many different periods and their individual characteristics. There are prime times throughout art history that the general populations can easily identify such as Renaissance or Impressionism. They might even be able to name a few of the artists or their artworkRead MoreComparing Art And The Baroque Eras989 Words   |  4 PagesComparing Art of the Renaissance and the Baroque Eras The Renaissance and the Baroque eras created some of the most famous works of art produced in the world. The two eras expressed differences in style and theme, but they also have many characteristics in common. To better understand the similarities of the eras it will be described by the characteristics, styles and the influences of each; Renaissance and Baroque works of art. Famous artist from the Renaissance era were Leonard da Vinci and MichelangeloRead MoreRenaissance vs Baroque1497 Words   |  6 PagesRenaissance: the development of linear  perspective  and other techniques of rendering a more natural reality in painting, and gradual but widespread  educational  reform . 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End of Life Peace Without Pain Free Essays

End of Life: Peace without Pain Jacqueline R. Reviel Loyola University New Orleans End of Life Peace without Pain Pain management during end of life care is crucial to the comfort and peace of the patient and their family. â€Å"With better pain control, dying patients live longer and better. We will write a custom essay sample on End of Life Peace Without Pain or any similar topic only for you Order Now Pain shortens life. Relief of pain extends life† (Zerwekh et al. , 2006, p. 317). The nurse must educate about (a) disease pathology, (b) signs symptoms, (c) interventions, (d) medications, (e) alternative therapies, and (f) supportive care, related to end of life care. Pain management involves understanding the pharmacological issues, and management issues surrounding opioid drugs used for pain control. The identification of (a) nursing diagnosis, (b) implementation, and (c) education are essential in keeping the patient and family comfortable and at peace. Pathology, Signs and Symptoms End of life presents with specific pathology which can cause extreme pain and discomfort. The body’s organs begin to shut down as death approaches hypoventilation causes hypoxemia and hypercapnia in turn increasing the workload of the heart as it tries to oxygenate the vital organs. The kidneys and liver begin to fail and toxins begin to build up. The heart fails as it can’t keep up with the demand. Zerwekh (2006) lists specific signs and symptoms associated with death (a) reduced level of consciousness, (b) taking no fluids or only sips, (c) decreased urine output, (d) progressing coldness and mottling in legs and arms, (e) irregular labored breathing; periods of no breathing, and (f) the death rattle. Diagnosis Interventions Diagnoses related to end of life care are (a) Ineffective tissue perfusion, (b) Alteration in comfort, (c) Activity intolerance, (d) Impaired gas exchange; (e) Ineffective breathing patterns, and (f) Decreased cardiac output. Interventions are attached to each diagnosis and a plan of care is established for the patient. Interventions for alternation in comfort include (a) spiritual, (b) pharmacological, and (c) alternative methods. Ineffective tissue perfusion involves (a) positioning, (b) O2, and (c) fluid management. Activity intolerance is managed by pacing periods of activity with rest. Impaired gas exchange is managed by decreasing fluid shifts with medication. Ineffective airway clearance is helped by (a) positioning and (b) suctioning to clear the airway. Disturbed thought processes interventions are (a) reorient the patient, (b) supporting family, and (c) visitors at times when the patient is most alert. Interventions are tailored specially to the patient’s needs and their disease process. Pain management â€Å"Dying does not need to be painful† (Moynihan et al. , 2003 p. 401). Holistic pain management is crucial during end of life care. Terminally ill patients can have (a) physical, (b) spiritual and (c) emotional pain. Providing comfort is important in decreasing suffering. Emotional pain can be addressed by (a) laughter, (b) memories, and (c) touch. Spiritual pain can be helped with (a) prayer, (b) meditation, (c) talking, (d) listening, (e) pastoral care, and (f) providing the last rights. Physical pain is managed pharmacologically and with alternative comfort measures. Opioids are given to treat severe pain at the end of life. Parlow (2005) used nitrous oxide to control incident pain in terminally ill patients with positive results. Pharmacological issue related to pain management Pharmacological issues surrounding pain management are (a) issues of addiction under medication, (b) legal repercussions, (c) respiratory effects, and (d) side effects. Zerwekh (2006) sums up the fallacy of addiction by stating persons with addiction take their opioids to escape life, whereas persons with pain take their opioids to live life more fully. These issues and lack of knowledge often cause Physicians to under medicate during end of life care. The nurse needs to have full understanding of how opioids work and how to adjust the medications to control severe pain and break though pain without entering into (a) legal issues, (b) respiratory depression and (c) side effects. Complementary and alternative therapies Along with the pharmacological methods to keep the patient comfortable there are many alternative method the nurse can use and teach the family to assist with; giving the family the gift of caring for their loved one and feeling like they are helping. The patient also benefits from the touch and interaction from his or her loved ones. Therapies such as (a) massage, (b) therapeutic touch, (c) guided imagery, (d) aromatherapy, (e) hypnosis and (f) relaxation, are just a few alternative therapies used. Supportive nursing care Often when a family member is dying their loved ones do not know what to say or do and often feel helpless. While providing care for the patient the nurse engages the family in the care and breaks down the fear that they can’t touch the dying patient. The nurse encourages the family to (a) gather, (b) share, and (c) grieve. The family and patient are educated to end of life care so they know what to expect and can recognize it. By giving the family these skills it is a gift so the family has time to say goodbye and to spend the last days in peace not in fear and chaos. The nurse manages symptoms so the patient and the family can concentrate on each other. O’Brien (2011) stated one of the best ways of providing spiritual support in this situation is to allow the patient and family to verbalize their feelings; for the dying person â€Å"one of the greatest spiritual gifts† a nurse can give is to listen (Burns, 1991, p. 1). Patient Family education Education gives the patient and the family great power and strength to face the path ahead and not be fearful of the process. Discussion around key information such as (a) the patient’s wishes, (b) spiritual care, (c) visitation, (d) pain control, (e) disease process, (f) multi organ failure, (g) specific signs and symptoms, (h) interventio ns that can be provided, (i) interventions the patient may not want, (j) comfort care, and (k) funeral arrangements, must take place with the patient and their family. Patients may believe that pain is to be expected and education informing them that comfort will bring them quality time to spend with their loved ones and to not suffer in silences is vital. Encouraging the family to (a) hold their love ones hand, (b) stroke hair, (c) massage, and (d) talk to them until they take their last breath, is all education the nurse encourages. The nurses’ role is to (a) support, (b) pray and (c) answer question that might arise. Conclusion Caring for patients as they die involves (a) a great deal of knowledge, (b) compassion, and (c) caring, on the nurse’s part. Effective pain management decreases suffering in the terminally ill patient and can make all the difference in how the patient arrives at the end of life. The nurse must be versed and comfortable with the many issues surrounding end of life care so she or he can advocate for the needs of the patient and their family. The nurse’s role in (a) educating, (b) providing spiritual care, and (c) physiological care, to the patient and their family during this very important and stressful time plays a huge part in the comfort and peace that they experience as they journey down the path of loss and grieving. References Moynihan, T. J. (2003). Use of opioids in the treatment os severe pain in terminally ill patients-Dying should not be painful. Mayo Clin Proc. , 1397-1401. O’Brien, M. E. (2011). Spirituality in nursing: Standing on holy ground. Sudbury, MA: Jones ; Barlett Learning. Parlow, J. L. (2005). Self-administered nitrous oxide for the management of incident pain in the terminally ill patient: A blind case series. Palliative Medicine, 19: 3-8. Zerwekh, J. V. (2006). Nursing care at the end of life: Palliative care for patients and families. Philadelphia, PA: F. A. Davis Company. LOYOLA UNIVERSITY NEW ORLEANS NURS 384: End-of-Life Issues Paper Student: _Jackie Reviel__________________________Semester:_Fall__Year:_2011__ Directions: The purpose of this paper is to examine end-of-life issues. Write a 4-5 page paper on one of the topics that are suggested in your syllabus. Focus the paper on the care of the terminally-ill patient; education of patient and family, and supportive nursing care. Use ast least 4 references (current text and articles) for this assignment and format paper in APA style. Criteria: End-of-Life Issues Paper| Max. Points| Score| 1. Describes terminal Illness. Include pathology and signs and symptoms| 15| | 2. Identify palliative care/interventions associated with illness| 15| | 3. Address pharmacological issues related to terminal illness| 10| | 4. Address complementary and alternative therapies | 15| | 5. Describe supportive nursing care related to terminal Illness. | 15| | 6. Discuss at least 5 nursing diagnosis taken from those listed in the North American Diagnosis Association. 15| | 7. Provide key information to be discussed with patients ; families on terminal illness. | 15| | Total Comments: Faculty Signature: _______________________________Date:_______________________ LOYOLA UNIVERSITY NEW ORLEANS Evaluation of Communication Skills Student: ________________________________Semester: ____Year: _____ Skill in communication is defined as the ability to: (a) effectively express ideas through a variety of media, (b) use communication technology to enhance personal and professional functioning, and (c) use the group process for the purpose of achieving common goals. Note: Your grade on Communication Skills will comprise 10% of your final course grade. You will be rated using a scale of 0-10, where â€Å"0† indicates no credit and â€Å"10† indicates maximum credit for the item indicated. | Writing Criteria: Nursing Research Critique Paper | Score| 1. Use appropriate language and erminology. | | 2. Use correct sentence structure and paragraphing. | | 3. Use correct grammar, spelling, and punctuation. | | 4. Demonstrate knowledge of relevant content areas. | | 5. Express ideas clearly and convincingly. | | 6. Organize ideas logically. | | 7. Use APA format correctly. | | 8. Overall effectiveness of the written work in meeting identified goals. | | Communication Skills: Pt s earned (_____)/ 80 pts = _____% Letter Grade:____ Percent of Final Course Grade: [Pts earned (____)/ 80 pts =___%] X 10 = ____% Comments: Faculty Signature:____________________________________Date:______________ How to cite End of Life Peace Without Pain, Essays

Renaissance Humanism Essay Example For Students

Renaissance Humanism Essay David C Literature 12 November 4th, 2013 Humanism of the renaissance period was the predominant movement that revolutionized philosophical, intellectual, and literary customs. It first originated in Italy during the fourteenth century and eventually spread to other major areas in Europe such as Greece. One of the most important changes humanism introduced was a secular viewpoint of history; this was done so by endorsing a nonreligious perspective on history. Humanism not only ended the dominance of the church, but it also eventually had a profound impact on everyday life, especially education. Individualism, humanist philosophy, and the printing press were major components of humanism that made it a crucial influence on Europe during the renaissance period. Without the introduction of a revolutionary movement like humanism, Europe may have continued to remain stagnant with its development in terms of philosophy, literature, and the arts (Humanism in the Renaissance). The period from the fourteenth century to the seventeenth advocated the liberation of individuals, which meant that more emphasis was placed on personal beliefs. This led to a more diverse spectrum of ideas in society and increased personal development, hence the ERM individualism. Individualism first began when city-states of northern Italy had come into contact with the diverse customs of the East, which gradually permitted expression in terms of taste and dress (Krebs). This eventually resulted in the ascendancy of honest doubt and curiosity over unreasoning faith. However, it is not completely warranted to believe that individualism was wholly beneficial to people. However, the fact remains that individualism went against the sovereignty of tyrant, feudal lord, class, corporation, and tradition (Krebs) has had a tremendous influence pond the subsequent history of Europe. Because of individualism, freedom of individual expression and opposition to authority was brought to the surface and soon became an integral part of the western intellectual tradition. In context, individualism was in direct opposition to the ideals of medieval Christianity, which restricted personal expression, fostered self-annihilation, and demanded implicit faith and unquestioning obedience. Individualism not only resulted in a less powerful church, but it also triggered an immense change from strict obedience to increased personal expression (Krebs). As a result of the increase of individual expression, new ideas were formed that led to the development of humanist philosophy (Cline). Humanist philosophy soon became an intrinsic component of renaissance life, as there was an increased emphasis on the importance of education. It became necessary for people to learn ancient Greek and Latin in order to even begin to understand the ancient manuscripts. This led to extended education in the arts and philosophies and even the ancient sciences that had had been unprecedented burst of scientific and technological development during the incessant that Europe had not witnessed in centuries (Cline). Additionally, the aforementioned individualism was naturally one of the most crucial components of humanist philosophy, for much of the basis of this type of philosophy was formed from a secular approach (Krebs). One of the most important early humanists was an Italian poet named Patriarch who applied the ideas and values of ancient Greece and Rome to questions about Christian doctrines and ethics that were central topics during the renaissance period. Interestingly enough, many famous humanists like Patriarch were members of the church; however, they were mostly secular rather than spiritual, exhibiting much more interest in literature, art, and philosophy than in theology. To say the least, renaissance humanism was a revolution in thinking and feeling which left no part of society, not even the highest levels of Christianity, untouched (Cline). Finally, the ideas of humanism would not have spread like it did without the use of the printing press, which was invented by a man named Johannes Gutenberg in 1445. Previously, bookmaking entailed copying word-by-word and all the illustrations by hand. As a result of the tedious labor, the price was often very expensive. With the advent of Guttenberg printing press, books could be produced much quicker and with relatively little effort, which made bookmaking much less expensive, allowing more people to buy reading material. Langston Hughes and the Harlem Renaissance EssayRoman times. They differ in the material they were constructed from, with David cast in Bronze and The Birth of Venus, a tempera on panel painting. In addition, David depicts on a biblical character and the birth of Venus on a pagan goddess from Roman mythology. However, both characters are youthful, sensual and in the case of David, slightly feminine. Their bodies are both in a relaxed pose: David is in true contrasts; whereas Venus is twisted in an almost contrasts stance as if she is floating. David is freestanding and the statue embraces the humanist realism so that the observer feels he could freely move about. Davits beauty is contrasted with the gruesomeness of Goliath severed head. Venus, on the other hand, is painted and painting. The linear perspective, beautiful surroundings, the groupings of zephyrs and her maid all draw the viewer to the centre of the painting and the beauty reflected in Venus and her environment. The use of beauty, perspective through natural surroundings reflects the humanist belief that we are all connected to our natural environment. ) Compare and contrast The Birth of Venus by Sandra Poetical with the Last Supper by Leonardo Dad Vinci The Birth of Venus portrays the humanist aloes of beauty, sensuality, eroticism, and neo-platonic pagan beliefs from the Classical roman and Greek periods. On the other hand, Dad Vines painting of The Last Supper reflects the humanist movement in Renaissance art through the use of perspective, light, spirituali ty and naturalism. His use of geometry suggests heavenly perfection and was used extensively in classical Greek paintings and shows Dad Vines ability to reconcile Greek philosophy with Christian theology. Both used classical Greek and Roman artistic conventions that were frequently used in the renaissance humanist movement. For example, Poetical focused on the beauty of a pagan goddess from Roman mythology and Dad Vinci use of geometry and realism, perspective and light, showed his interest in Classical Greek techniques. Dad Vinci, as a typical humanist, experimented with new media in his painting of the Last Supper in the use of tempera and oil on dry plaster, whereas Poetical used the more traditional, using tempera on panel. Both artists used perspective to bring a greater sense of humanity and realism to the paintings, however, Botulisms painting was more linear in nature and Dad Vines was more geometrical. The two artists also used groupings within their paintings to help bring a sense of realism and perspective to the paintings as was commonly found in humanist paintings. For example, Poetical used three groups, the zephyrs, the goddess and her maid. These three groups emphasized movement in the painting, as well as beauty and perspective. Dad Vinci used four groups of three apostles to depict a range of human emotions in their reactions to the news Jesus has told them. The groupings also made the scene more realistic and emphasized the central figure in Jesus. Both paintings depicted the humanist love of nature. Botulisms painting shows Venus in a natural setting that celebrates the beauty in the main characters and surrounding scene. Botulisms natural setting is seen as true paradise, which typifies beauty and harmony. Dad Vinci shows his love of nature through the windows in the scene. The natural environment as seen outside of the windows is true paradise. C) compare and contrast The Last Supper by Leonardo Dad Vinci with David by Denotable Dad Vines painting of the last supper reflects the humanist movement in Renaissance art through the use of perspective, light, spirituality, geometry and naturalism. On he contrasts, the sensual and erotic nakedness, the use of bronze casting and the freestanding form. Both artists used techniques that showed a return to the art of the Greek and Roman Classical period, which was a key focus of the humanist movement during the Renaissance. Both Denotable and Dad Vinci used the humanist artistic values of portraying the human body with the correct dimensions in a realistic perspective with real human emotions. The characters seem to come to life in both art works, despite the fact that they used two completely different media, Denotable used a nude, freestanding bronze casting and Dad Vinci experimented with ampere and oil on dry plaster. Both artworks were of religious characters, Denotable depicted the moment of victory of David over Goliath and Dad Vinci illustrated the moment in the Last Supper where Jesus tells his apostles that one of them will betray him. These are both highly emotive moments and both artists use the humanist approach of portraying the powerful raw emotions held by all of the characters. Both artists departed from the styles and forms middle ages, by bringing raw humanity, realism, sensuality, and emotion into religious events. Task 4: Significance of these artworks and how they relate to humanist theory The three paintings used in this project, David by Denotable, The Birth of Venus by Poetical and The Last Supper by Dad Vinci, all reflect aspects of humanist theory from the Renaissance. They were contemporaries, worked in Florence and were commissioned by patrons of the arts. They all were strongly influenced by the humanist theory that they portrayed in their art work according to their individual skills and interests. Denotable and Botulisms love of the human form is portrayed in their nude characters in these works of art. This nudity embraces the humanist return to the Greek and Roman love and respect for the human form. This is a bold departure from the Middle Ages where the naked body was seen as a pathway to corruption and was not used in mainstream art. All three artists used perspective, realism, neo-Platonism, emotion and movement to bring humanist values into their artworks. Dad Vinci, in particular used geometry to draw attention to Jesus, the main character of the painting. His use of geometry suggests heavenly perfection and was used extensively in classical Greek paintings and shows dad Vines ability to reconcile Greek philosophy with Christian theology. The use of geometry and light became popular during the intellectual rebirth of animus of the renaissance. Denotable, on the other hand, used contrasts, and a freestanding statue to suggest freedom and movement of the human form, whereas, Poetical used an almost surreal floating movement to idealist the beauty of the Poetical further outwardly embraced the humanist pagan beliefs from the Greek and Roman mythology by focusing on the goddess Venus in his painting. Denotable was subtler in his interest in Greek mythology, and the helmet with laurel on David suggests the character might be the god Hermes instead of the Biblical character, David.

Hieroglyphic Writing Essays - Egyptian Languages,

Hieroglyphic Writing Hieroglyphic Writing Right from the beginning the deciphering of the mysterious Egyptian writing fascinated everybody. In 1799 a certain Captain Bouchard of the French Army was supervising work on the fortifications of Fort St. Julian, situated a little more than four kilometers outside the town of Rosetta when hi workmen discovered a stone which was destined to achieve great fame in archaeological history. It was in fact the "Rosetta Stone" which led to the deciphering of the hieroglyphs. As a result of the fortunes of war this precious stone fell into the hands of the British who gave it a place of honor in the British Museum. On one face of the stone, a tablet of extremely hard black basalt, there is a long trilingual inscription; the three texts begin written one above other. The first of the inscriptions, 14 lines long, is written in hieroglyphs. The second, 32 lines long, is written in demotic, from the Greek word "demos" meaning people, which refers to a type of script used by ordinary people. The third inscription, 54 lines long, is in Greek and hence was comprehensible. This latter text, translated without difficulty, proved to be a priestly decree in honor of Ptolemy Epiphanes which finishes with a formal instruction that "this decree, engraved on a tablet of hard stone, in three scripts, hieroglyphic, demotic and Greek, shall be engraved in each of the great temples of Egypt". The honor of deciphering the hieroglyphs fell to two scholars, the Englishman Thomas Young and the Frenchman Francois Champollion who started work on it almost the same time and who were to see their efforts crowned by success. What Young achieved by instinct Champollion achieved by scientific method and with such success that by his death in 1832 he could leave behind him a grammar and a very substantial dictionary of ancient Egyptian. But what did this writing that the Greeks called hieroglyphic, from "hiero glyphica" that is "sacred signs" actually consist of? The ancient Egyptians themselves called their written texts "the words of the gods". In fact according to tradition men were taught to write by the god Thot himself during the reign of Osiris. Down through the centuries the writing retained a sacred character and more or less magical powers. Anybody who now to write the approximately seven hundred signs which constituted Egyptian writing, each sign representing a sound or an object, was held in great esteem. The names of the kings and queens were surrounded by an outline which archeologists call a "cartouches". The ancient Egyptians either engraved the hieroglyphs in the stonework of their temples or painted them on the walls of the burial chamber or inscribed them with a reed pen on rolls of papyrus, the antecedent of our paper.

Research and Theory Behind the Sociology of Education

Research and Theory Behind the Sociology of Education The sociology of education is a diverse and vibrant subfield that features theory and research focused on how education as a social institution is affected by and affects other social institutions and the social structure overall, and how various social forces shape the policies, practices, and outcomes of schooling. While education is typically viewed in most societies as a pathway to personal development, success, and social mobility, and as a cornerstone of democracy, sociologists who study education take a critical view of these assumptions to study how the institution actually operates within society. They consider what other social functions education might have, like for example socialization into gender and class roles, and what other social outcomes contemporary educational institutions might produce, like reproducing class and racial hierarchies, among others. Theoretical Approaches within the Sociology of Education Classical French sociologist Émile Durkheim was one of the first sociologists to consider the social function of education. He believed that moral education was necessary for society to exist  because it provided the basis for the social solidarity that held society together. By writing about education in this way, Durkheim established the functionalist perspective on education. This perspective champions the work of socialization that takes place within the educational institution, including the teaching of society’s culture, including moral values, ethics, politics, religious beliefs, habits, and norms. According to this view, the socializing function of education also serves to promote social control  and to curb  deviant behavior. The symbolic interaction  approach to studying education focuses on interactions during the schooling process and the outcomes of those interactions. For instance, interactions between students and teachers, and social forces that shape those interactions like race, class, and gender, create expectations on both parts. Teachers expect certain behaviors from certain students, and those expectations, when communicated to students through interaction, can actually produce those very behaviors. This is called the â€Å"teacher expectancy effect.† For example, if a white teacher expects a black student to perform below average on a math test when compared to white students, over time the teacher may act in ways that encourage black students  to underperform. Stemming from Marxs theory of the relationship between workers and capitalism, the conflict theory approach to education examines the way educational institutions and the hierarchy of degree levels contribute to the reproduction of hierarchies and inequalities in society. This approach recognizes that schooling reflects  class, racial, and gender stratification, and tends to reproduce it. For example, sociologists have documented in many different settings how tracking of students based on class, race, and gender effectively sorts students into classes of laborers and managers/entrepreneurs, which reproduces the already existing class structure rather than producing social mobility. Sociologists who work from this perspective also assert that educational institutions and school curricula are products of the dominant worldviews, beliefs, and values of the majority, which typically produces educational experiences that marginalize and disadvantage those in the minority in terms of race, class, gender, sexuality, and ability, among other things. By operating in this fashion, the educational institution is involved in the  work of reproducing power, domination, oppression, and inequality within society.  It is for this reason that there have long been campaigns across the U.S. to include ethnic studies courses in middle schools and high schools, in order to balance a curriculum otherwise structured by a white, colonialist worldview. In fact, sociologists have found that providing ethnic studies courses to students of color who are on the brink of failing out or dropping out of high school effectively re-engages and inspires them, raises their overall grade point average and improves their academic performance overall. Notable Sociological Studies of Education Learning to Labour, 1977, by Paul Willis. An ethnographic study set in England focused on the reproduction of the working class within the school system.Preparing for Power: Americas Elite Boarding Schools, 1987, by Cookson and Persell. An ethnographic study set at elite boarding schools in the U.S. focused on the reproduction of the social and economic elite.Women Without Class: Girls, Race, and Identity, 2003, by Julie Bettie. An ethnographic study of how gender, race, and class intersect within the schooling experience to leave some without the cultural capital necessary for social mobility within society.Academic Profiling:  Latinos, Asian Americans, and the Achievement Gap, 2013, by Gilda Ochoa. An ethnographic study within a California high school of how race, class, and gender intersect to produce the achievement gap between Latinos and Asian Americans.

Various methods and attempts employed in the harmonization of Coursework

Various methods and attempts employed in the harmonization of international trade law - Coursework Example This research will begin with the statement that international trade is the kind of trade that takes place across nations all over the world either bilaterally or multilaterally. In a world getting smaller day by day courtesy of the agents of technology, globalization becomes indispensable. As the world gets digital and globalization gains root, the prominence of international trade as an aspect of international relations demands careful attention. It is realized that as trade continues to gain momentum across nations, so do the impediments hampering free trade emerge. Free trade is meant to be a mutual agenda between the countries. Nations across the world strive as much as possible to benefit from the trade. In the same vein, challenges emerge as no nation can derive ultimate benefits. Different nations across the world operate under different systems. Such differences have become so diverse that much attention has now been drawn towards addressing them. It, therefore, begs the ana lysis of the factors that limit international trade. It is in that vein that the difference in trade laws comes to light. It is becoming much difficult for nations across the globe to freely trade due to the sharp differences that exist in laws governing trade in different parts of the world. For instance, a North American exporter will find it almost difficult to export certain products to the Asian countries courtesy of the legal rigidities that are artificially created for various reasons. Nations limit trade so as to regulate deficits on their budgets. Considering that such a deficit might be disastrous to the affected economy. Moreover the need to control the dumping of products into the economy also necessitates the introduction of regulatory measures. In one respect, such measures are never malicious. Rather they are of great essence in ensuring that the international trade benefits all the parties involved. The need to remove such limiting factors therefore sparks off the de bate. The discourse becomes further intricate when dealing with legal the aspects of international trade. There exist several statutes and regulations in the world governing international trade. Such statutes are normally enacted to regulate price fixing, competition and to govern free trade between countries. Trade regulation is a theme of law that encompasses governments’ regulations of international trade, the laws relating to fair competition, ethical considerations in international trade and antitrust law. Antitrust law is a branch of trade regulation law that widely includes consumer protection law, distribution law and franchise law. (Osle, 2008) International trade laws exist in various respects both at private and public law. Private international law is derived from the various countries that relate internationally. It controls treaties, conventions and guides model laws. Private international law is applied in monitoring local and foreign judgements relating to leg al disputes (Shaw, 2005).It is therefore a great concern in business dealings. The Hague conference on Private international law was a great milestone toward the development of private international law. It encompasses all aspects relating to private law from jurisdictional considerations to contract law. Public international law on the other hand comprises of all the rules and laws that relate to the demeanour of states and other organizations within them as well as their relationships with both artificial and natural persons (Shaw, 2005). A merchant dealing in international trade is inevitably drawn into this complex nexus of differing intricate laws that require attention. These diverse laws have continued to be an impediment towards the achievement of the benefits that accrue by virtue of a free global trade. This therefore creates the need to address this emerging problem by seeking avenues to harmonize these laws into a single streamlined legal system that enhances free trade. The sooner this is achieved the better. Myriad avenues have been proposed as modalities

High Profile Interest Group influence on legislation Essay

High Profile Interest Group influence on legislation - Essay Example Citizen interest groups, on the other hand, with their considerable organizational resources and wide base of support have shown their effectiveness over time in passing new laws by the use of direct legislation (Baumgartner & Hojnacki, 2009). In the United States, for example, alcohol and tobacco companies have been lobbying against the legalization and taxation of marijuana. This is in a bid to ensure that they make the most out of the American population’s high spending on leisure. This paper will discuss how one such high profile interest group, the California Beer & Beverage Distributors has influence legislation and also include the writer’s thoughts and opinion. Interest groups are a significant mechanism for citizens and economic organizations to make elected leaders know their views, needs and ideas so that they can influence the process of making legislation in their favour (Hays, 2001). The California Beer & Beverage Distributors (CBBD) opened up a new front in the campaign of what was referred to as Proposition 19 when it contributed $10,000 to a committee, Public Safety first, that was in opposition to the proposition. The proposition aimed at legalizing and subsequent taxing of controlled marijuana. Since CBBD is a organization in an industry that would have to compete with legal marijuana, it was protecting the interests of its members by lobbying against the legalization. Illicit drugs have been a threat to the alcohol and tobacco industries for a long time, hence the participation of CBBD in opposing the proposal. If marijuana is made legal for recreational purposes, then that would make the threat much bigger. Looking at the situ ation from this perspective, my opinion is that CBBD did not join the campaign solely, or with focus on, the safety of the public that would be compromised by marijuana. On the contrary, when the

House during hectic times Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

House during hectic times - Essay Example Getting things done around the house can really be very challenging. With the children and the spouse around, you can’t seem to get things done at all. My son Chance think that housework is a kind of game so he usually follows me around while I go about my housekeeping. When I start sweeping the floor, he would playfully unplug the cord of the sweeper and run from me smiling. He also has an affinity for the mop and the bucket of water that I use in cleaning the floor. Before I know it, he had already emptied the bucket of water on the floor creating such a big mesh! After what seems like forever, I finally get the house straightened out. Do get to rest after all the sleeping and mopping? No. By the time I am done with the cleaning, it is already time to prepare dinner. With Chance trailing behind me, I move to the kitchen to start cooking. Now, if you haven’t experiences having a two-year-old boy as your cooking assistant, here’s the deal. While I am trying to cook dinner, my son imitates what I am doing by putting food in pans and climbing on counters. After getting food onto the pans, he turns off stove or turns burner on full blast depends what kind of mood he is in. He keeps saying, â€Å"Help mom† as if he is truly an invaluable kitchen assistant. Yeah, sure, it would have been nice to play with him for a while but I simply do not have time to monkey around the kitchen. I’m not a just a mom and homemaker, remember? I still need to attend classes at my college and then work on the task that our professors give us . I need to hurry up or else I will never get things done at all. My children are very important to me but sometimes; it’s hard for me to focus my attention on their individual issues. Giving them a one-on-one time is hard especially when there are many other things that need my attention. Of course my son Chance with his big blue and blonde head always finds a way to get my

Osmotic Pressure Effect on Plasma Membrane of Blood Cells

Osmotic Pressure Effect on Plasma Membrane of Blood Cells Syed Ibrahim Introduction The plasma membrane is vital as it defines the boundary between cells and their environment (Heidcamp et al., 2014). Plasma membranes are crucial in maintaining electrochemical gradients, controlling material exchange, and allowing signal transduction (Zhao et al., 2004). The purpose of this lab was to identify isoosmotic solutions by examining the effect of osmotic pressure on the plasma membrane of blood cells and Elodea guard cells; as well as to understand cell viability and membrane integrity using the Trypan blue exclusion assay. To examine the effects of osmosis, animal blood cells and guard cells from Elodea leaves were examined in this lab. Plasma membranes are found in both animal cells and plant cells; however, cell walls are only present in plant cells (Freeman et al., 2011). It was expected that these cells would shrink in hypertonic solutions, stay the same size in isotonic solutions, and swell (in the case of Elodea guard cells) or even burst (in the case of animal blood cells) in hypotonic solutions (Heidcamp et al., 2014). Since glucose has a van’t Hoff factor of 1 while potassium chloride (KCl) has a van’t Hoff factor of 2, it was predicted that 0.15M glucose and 0.07M KCl would be the isoosmotic solutions for both the animal blood and the Elodea guard cells. Concentrations greater than the isoosmotic solution were expected to be hyperosmotic, while concentrations less than it were expected to be hypoosmotic. Viable cells have intact plasma membranes (Heidcamp et al., 2014). In this lab macrophage cells, a type of leukocytes, were treated with various compounds and the effect of these compounds on the membrane of the cells was examined using Trypan blue, which differentially stains viable and non-viable cells based on whether the cells have an intact plasma membrane (Freeman et al., 2011; Strober, 2011). Of the three known compounds, it was predicted that hepes-buffered RPMI (HPMI) would damage the membrane the least as it contains vitamins and supplements, and it was predicted that methyl ÃŽ ²-cyclodextrin (MÃŽ ²CD) would damage the cell the most as it removes cholesterol from plasma membranes (LifeTechnologies, 2013; Rodal et al., 1999). Results The following three equations were used in calculations. Equation 1 was used to calculate osmolarity, in order to determine the osmotic effect of a particular solution, (Heidcamp et al., 2014). Equation 2 was used to calculate osmotic pressure and Equation 3 was used to convert Celsius temperature to kelvin temperature (Heidcamp et al., 2014; USMA, 2012). Where: = osmolarity = van’t Hoff factor = molar concentration Where: = temperature = temperature Where: = osmotic pressure (kPa) = van’t Hoff factor = molar concentration = ideal gas constant = (Chieh, 2002) = temperature Part A: Lab 2 Report Sheets Please refer to attached sheets. Part B: Answers to Assigned Questions Based on the observations of my colleagues and myself, 0.15M glucose and 0.15M potassium chloride (KCl) were the isotonic solutions for the Eloda guard cells, while 0.15M glucose and 0.035M potassium chloride (KCl) were the isotonic solutions for the animal blood cells. Solutions with solute concentrations greater than the isotonic solution were hypertonic, while concentrations less than it were hypotonic. Based on the observations from the lab, 0.6M glucose and 0.3M glucose were hypertonic for both the plant and blood cells, while 0.07M glucose and 0.035M glucose were hypotonic for the plant and blood cells. Additionally, 0.6M KCl, and 0.3M KCl, were hypertonic for the plant cell, while 0.07M KCl and 0.035M KCl were hypotonic for the plant cell. As well, 0.6M KCl, 0.3M KCl, 0.15M KCl, and 0.07M KCl were hypertonic for blood cells while there were no observed hypotonic KCl solutions for blood cells. It is expected that the isotonic solutions of glucose and KCl will have the same osmolarity. Based on Equation 1, osmolarity is the product of the van’t Hoff factor and molar concentration. Since glucose has a van’t Hoff factor of 1 while potassium chloride (KCl) has a van’t Hoff factor of 2, it is expected that glucose will have double the molar concentration of KCl to obtain the same osmolarity in the isotonic solutions. The observations from this lab reveal that for plant cells, glucose and KCl had the same concentrations for isotonic solutions; while for animal cells, glucose had approximately four times the molar concentration of KCl for isotonic solutions. This may have occurred due to the subjective nature of classifying tonicity, and since these observations were split up amongst four groups, their subjective impressions may have been different. Ideally, one group to do all four sets, but due to limited time in the lab, this was not possible. Tween-20 is a non-ionic type of surfactant that can be used solubilizing agent for membrane proteins (Iwahashi et al., 1991; Sigma, 2003). Bovine serum albumin (BSA) is a protein that adsorbs onto negatively charged portions of the membrane bilayer, forming temporary gaps in the membrane, thus increasing the permeability of the membrane (Tsunoda et al., 2001). Based on this information, Tween-20 would likely cause more damage on the membrane bilayer, resulting in more blue cells (after the Trypan blue exclusion test). Therefore, the odd unknown is most likely Tween-20, and the even unknown is most likely BSA. Search Engine: Web of Science Search Terms: Tween 20 [sorted by relevance] Reference: Iwahashi, K., Tsubaki, M., Miyatake, A., Miura, S., Hosokawa, K., Ichikawa, Y. (1991). Catalytic properties of cytochrome P-450scc from bovine and porcine adrenocortical mitochondria: Effect of tween20 concentration. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 38(6), 727-731. Search Engine: Google Search Terms: Tween-20 Reference: Sigma. (2003). Tween-20 (P5927) Product Information. SigmaAldrich. Retrieved October 6, 2014, from https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/content/dam/sigma-aldrich/docs/Sigma/Product_Information_Sheet/1/p5927pis.pdf Search Engine: Web of Science Search Terms: â€Å"bovine serum albumin† [sorted by relevance] Reference: Tsunoda, T., Imura, T., Kadota, M., Yamazaki, T., Yamauchi, H., Kwon, K. O., et al. (2001). Effects of lysozyme and bovine serum albumin on membrane characteristics of dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol liposomes. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 20(2), 155-163. Based on the Trypan blue exclusion assay observations recorded in Table 2.2, unknown 1 (most likely Tween-20) caused the most damage to the plasma membrane as it had the highest percentage of blue cells (60%). Tween-20 belongs to the class of polyoxyethylene sorbate combounds (Boxtel et al., 1990). Among many functions, these compounds solubilize the proteins and lipids found in the plasma membranes, thereby lysing the membranes (Boxtel et al., 1990). This allows Trypan blue to enter the lysed membranes, making them blue. Discussion and Conclusions Summary of findings In the first part of this lab, the effects of osmosis were examined on animal blood cells and Elodea guard cells. It was determined that isoosmotic solutions for the Eloda guard cells were 0.15M glucose and 0.15M potassium chloride (KCl), while the isoosmotic solutions for the animal blood cells were 0.15M glucose and 0.035M KCl. Solutions with solute concentrations greater than the isotonic solution were hypertonic, while concentrations less than it were hypotonic. It was expected that the isotonic solutions of glucose and KCl would have the same osmolarity, since neither of them can easily diffuse across the membrane without the use of a channel or transport protein (Heidcamp et al., 2014) . Based on Equation 1, osmolarity is the product of the van’t Hoff factor and molar concentration. Since glucose has a van’t Hoff factor of 1 while potassium chloride (KCl) has a van’t Hoff factor of 2, it was expected that glucose would have double the molar concentration of KCl to obtain the same osmolarity in the isotonic solutions. The results from this lab do not reflect this theoretical expectation. This may have occurred due to the subjective nature of classifying tonicity. Ideally, one group should to do all four sets of observations for Table 2.1, but due to limited time in the lab, this was not possible. In the second part of this lab, membrane integrity and permeability was examined using the Trypan blue exclusion. Normally Trypan blue is not permeable in living cells. However, if the plasma membrane is not intact, Trypan blue is able to enter the cell, staining it blue (Heidcamp et al., 2014; Strober, 2011). Once treated with the specific compounds (such as glycine or Tween-20), the Trypan blue exclusion assay was performed on the RAW macrophage cells. Afterwards, the number of blue (non-viable) and non-blue (viable) cells were counted and their respective percentages were calculated. Glycine is smallest of the twenty common amino acids, and nearly all (97%) of treated cell remained viable (Freeman et al., 2011). Methyl ÃŽ ²-cyclodextrin (MÃŽ ²CD) is a compound that removes cholesterol from plasma membranes, making the membrane more permeable, and it resulted in only 55% viable cells (Rodal et al., 1999). Hepes-buffered RPMI (HPMI) is a medium that contains vitamins and supplements that can be used for cell growth, and nearly all (98%) of treated cells remained viable (LifeTechnologies, 2013). In addition to these three compounds, the cells were treated with two unknowns. The odd unknown resulted in relatively few (40%) viable cells, while the even unknown resulted in many (85%) viable cells. Tween-20 belongs to a class of detergents which are known to solubilize membrane proteins, thereby lysing the membranes (Boxtel et al., 1990; Iwahashi et al., 1991). Bovine serum albumin (BSA) is a protein that forms temporary gaps in the membrane, thus increasing the permeability of the membrane (Tsunoda et al., 2001). Based on the literature, Tween-20 would cause more damage on the plasma membrane resulting in fewer viable cells. Therefore, the odd unknown was determined to be most likely Tween-20, and the even unknown was most likely BSA. Answer to questions An organism that thrives in high-salt environments is known as a halophile, such as Halomonas meridian (James et al., 1990; Ventosa, 1998). Search Engine: Web of Science Search Terms: halophile Reference: James, S., Dobson, S., Franzmann, P., Mcmeekin, T. (1990). Halomonas meridiana, a New Species of Extremely Halotolerant Bacteria Isolated from Antarctic Saline Lakes. Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 13(3), 270-278. Search Engine: Web of Science Search Terms: halophile Reference: Ventosa, A., Nieto, J., Oren, A. (1998). Biology of Moderately Halophilic Aerobic Bacteria. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, 62(2), 504-544. Methyl ÃŽ ²-cyclodextrin (MÃŽ ²CD) is a compound that removes cholesterol from plasma membranes (Rodal et al., 1999). Thus it is expected, that MÃŽ ²CD makes the plasma membrane more permeable, and allows Trypan blue to enter the cell. The results from this lab agree with this, as a relatively large percentage (45%) of cells treated with MÃŽ ²CD was stained blue in the Trypan blue exclusion assay. Search Engine: Web of Science Search Terms: methyl beta cyclodextrin Reference: Rodal, S. K., Skretting, G., Garred, O., Vilhardt, F., Deurs, B. V., Sandvig, K. (1999). Extraction of Cholesterol with Methyl-beta -Cyclodextrin Perturbs Formation of Clathrin-coated Endocytic Vesicles. Molecular Biology of the Cell, 10(4), 961-974. The predictions are below: Acetone is an organic solvent that solubilizes lipids from the plasma membrane (Jamur Oliver, 2010). High concentrations of acetone can disrupt lipid packing in the membrane, thereby increasing membrane fluidity and permeability (Posokhov Kyrychenko, 2013). Therefore is predicted that acetone will increase cell permeability and allow some of the Trypan blue into the cell, staining some cells blue. Methanol is an organic solvent that dissolves lipids from the plasma membrane (Jamur et al., 2010). Methanol can increase the rotational mobility of membrane lipids, increasing its fluidity (Joo et al., 2012). Similar to acetone, it is expected that methanol will increase cell permeability and allow some of the Trypan blue into the cell, staining some cells blue. Saponin is a detergent that selectively removes cholesterol from the plasma membrane, resulting in small holes in the membrane (Jamur et al., 2010). This would act in a manner similar to MÃŽ ²CD, likely causing the cell to be permeable to Trypan blue and staining many cells blue. Triton X-100 is a non-ionic detergent that non-selectively solubilizes proteins from the plasma membrane (Jamur et al., 2010). This would act in a manner similar to Tween-20, likely causing the cell to be highly permeable to Trypan blue and staining a large percentage of them blue. Search Engine: PubMed Search Terms: cell membrane permeability Reference: Jamur, M. C., Oliver, C. (2010). Permeabilization of cell membranes. Immunocytochemical Methods and Protocols, 588, 63-68. Search Engine: Web of Science Search Terms: effect of acetone on membranes Reference: Posokhov, Y. O., Kyrychenko, A. (2013). Effect of acetone accumulation on structure and dynamics of lipid membranes studied by molecular dynamics simulations. Computational Biology and Chemistry, 46, 23-31. References Alberts, B., Johnson, A., Lewis, J., Raff, M., Roberts, K., Walter, P. (2008).Molecular Biology of the Cell(5th ed.). New York: Garland Science. Boxtel, R. M., Lambrecht, R. S., Collins, M. T. (1990). Effect of polyoxyethylene sorbate compounds (Tweens) on colonial morphology, growth, and ultrastructure of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. Apmis, 98(7-12), 901-908. Chieh, C. (2002). The Ideal Gas Law. Ideal Gas. Retrieved October 5, 2014, from http://www.science.uwaterloo.ca/~cchieh/cact/c120/idealgas.html Freeman, S., Harrington, M., Sharp, J. (2011). Biological Science (Canadian ed.). Toronto: Pearson Canada. Heidcamp, W., Antonescu, C., Botelho, R., Victorio-Walz, L. (2014).Laboratory Manual: Cell Biology BLG311(Fall 2014 ed.). Toronto: Ryerson University. Iwahashi, K., Tsubaki, M., Miyatake, A., Miura, S., Hosokawa, K., Ichikawa, Y. (1991). Catalytic properties of cytochrome P-450scc from bovine and porcine adrenocortical mitochondria: Effect of tween20 concentration. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 38(6), 727-731. James, S., Dobson, S., Franzmann, P., Mcmeekin, T. (1990). Halomonas meridiana, a New Species of Extremely Halotolerant Bacteria Isolated from Antarctic Saline Lakes. Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 13(3), 270-278. Jamur, M. C., Oliver, C. (2010). Permeabilization of cell membranes. Immunocytochemical Methods and Protocols, 588, 63-68. Joo, H., Jang, H., Yun, I., Bae, S., Chung, I., Bae, M., et al. (2012). The Effect of Methanol on the Structural Parameters of Neuronal Membrane Lipid Bilayers. The Korean Journal of Physiology Pharmacology, 16(4), 255. LifeTechnologies. (2013). RPMI 1640 Medium, HEPES. Cell Culture Transfection Reagents. Retrieved October 6, 2014, from http://www.lifetechnologies.com/order/catalog/product/22400089#productDetailPage Posokhov, Y. O., Kyrychenko, A. (2013). Effect of acetone accumulation on structure and dynamics of lipid membranes studied by molecular dynamics simulations. Computational Biology and Chemistry, 46, 23-31. Rodal, S. K., Skretting, G., Garred, O., Vilhardt, F., Deurs, B. V., Sandvig, K. (1999). Extraction of Cholesterol with Methyl-beta -Cyclodextrin Perturbs Formation of Clathrin-coated Endocytic Vesicles. Molecular Biology of the Cell, 10(4), 961-974. Sigma. (2003). Tween-20 (P5927) Product Information. SigmaAldrich. Retrieved October 6, 2014, from https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/content/dam/sigma-aldrich/docs/Sigma/Product_Information_Sheet/1/p5927pis.pdf Strober, W. (2011). Trypan blue exclusion test of cell viability. Current Protocols in Immunology, 21(3B), A.3B.1–A.3B.2. Tsunoda, T., Imura, T., Kadota, M., Yamazaki, T., Yamauchi, H., Kwon, K. O., et al. (2001). Effects of lysozyme and bovine serum albumin on membrane characteristics of dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol liposomes. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 20(2), 155-163. USMA. (2012). Metric System Temperature. U.S. Metric Association. Retrieved October 6, 2014, from http://lamar.colostate.edu/~hillger/temps.htm Ventosa, A., Nieto, J., Oren, A. (1998). Biology of Moderately Halophilic Aerobic Bacteria. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, 62(2), 504-544. Zhao, Y., Zhang, W., Kho, Y., Zhao, Y. (2004). Proteomic Analysis of Integral Plasma Membrane Proteins. Analytical Chemistry, 76(7), 1817-1823.

Essay --

During Thomas Jefferson’s presidency, he completed a series of transactions that made America what it is today. The most famous of these transactions was the Louisiana Purchase. He bought a lengthy stretch of land spanning from the obvious (Louisiana) to Montana. This land was bought for approx. 15 million. This translates to about 234 million dollars in today’s money (about 42 cents per acre).1 In order to explore this newfound territory, Thomas Jefferson sent two pals off into the wilderness, along with 31 other men. These two men were Meriwether Lewis and William Clark. Meriwether Lewis was born in 1774 at his family’s estate in Virginia. When Lewis was five, his father died of pneumonia and his mother shortly remarried with a retired army officer. When Meriwether was 13, he returned to Virginia and began his schooling. In 1794, Lewis signed up for the army, where he was sent to quench the Whisky Rebellion along with 13000 other Virginians. One of these men was William Clark. The following year, Lewis joined the army of General ‘Mad’ Anthony Wayne. He was quickly transferred to the Chosen Rifle Company, which was led than none other than William Clark. The two quickly became friends but not long after being transferred, General Clark had to resign do to health problems. The following February, he was invited by his friend and president, Thomas Jefferson to serve as his personal secretary. The President proposed his plan to explore the United State’s new territory, and Lewis quickly volunteered to go. In 1803, congress app roved and Meriwether began to get ready. He sent a letter to his old friend, William Clark, asking him if he wanted to go with him. He agreed and the two left with 31 other men in the spring of 1804. Willi... ...e, unlike his best friend Meriwether. Sacagawea settled down with her French husband and six years after returning from their journey, gave birth to a daughter. No one knows if this daughter lived. In 1812, William Clark legally adopted both of Sacagawea’s Children. In the 20th century, a theory developed that Sacagawea instead lived to the age of 100 and was buried on the Wind River Indian Reservation. After close speculation, this theory was sent to rest by most historians, but you can believe what you like. William Clark, Meriwether Lewis, and Sacagawea remained friends long after their journey, and it is somewhat obvious due to the many respectful comments and other notes that involved the opinions and their friends that these people influenced each other greatly. These 35 people that returned to Virginia can be considered some of America’s greatest explorers.

9/11 Conspiracies Essay

On September 11th, 2001, Islamic terrorists hijacked four passenger airlines. Two of the planes flew into the twin towers; one plane flew into the Pentagon; and the other plane was aimed at Washington D.C., but was taken over by passengers on the plane and crashed near Shanksville, Pennsylvania. In total, nearly 3,000 people died including 227 civilians on the plane and 19 hijackers. These hijackers were believed to be under the command of Osama Bin Laden, the head of the terrorist group Al Qaeda. However, the question of whether these attacks are truly as the government has portrayed or whether they actually part of a larger scheme to justify war in Iraq has come into light in recent years. Many individuals criticize the story told by the federal government and create alternate theories that explain some confusion with the attacks. The most popular and convincing of these theories is the controlled demolition and collapse of the twin towers by the federal government. The radical side of the political left was the first to start the conspiracy theories concerning 9/11. People have always had a deep distrust of our government. The most convincing of the theories about 9/11 is the strategic placement of bombs in the three buildings to cause a collapse (NewsOne, 2012). When you watch the videos of the collapsing towers, it looks like a controlled demolition instead of what one would expect from a building just hit by a plane or collapsing from a fire (Brain, 2013). The buildings collapse in on themselves rather than burning from the bottom up which creates a gargantuan amount of skepticism as to the accuracy of the story told by the government. So when people see something that doesn’t make sense, such as how three buildings collapsed from a fire, it begs lots of questions (Brain, 2013). This allowed many cu rious conspirators with an abundance of time on their hands to snoop around and see what they could possibly find that would better explain the actual cause of the collapse of the three buildings, disproving the official story expressed by the government. It is also important to understand how conspiracy theorists  build their case to perpetuate certain conspiracies. Upon examining the collapse of the north tower, the south tower, and WTC 7, it is easily determined that the collapse of these three buildings is not only unusual, it is almost unbelievable. No skyscraper has ever collapsed by a fire alone; however, on the day of the attacks, a blaze took down three separate towers. It is highly improbable that such a fire would take down two skyscrapers that stood 110 stories high and an additional building that was never touched by a plane. These discrepancies grant conspirators a form of â€Å"credibility† that makes their theories believable to many people. Although the official story may seem a bit anomalous, that doesn’t necessarily give a reason why people believe it. Scandals like the Iran-Contra affair with President Reagan and the Watergate Scandal with President Nixon create a deep distrust with many people and their government when such scandals prove that the government and its leaders deliberately mislead or lie to the public. So much so that people often look to find things that the government could be lying about or covering up. When conspirators start to gather evidence for their theories, this same process occurs (Brain, 2013). After discovering scandals involving the federal government, it’s impossible to trust all of the official stories told by the government. Furthermore, even if the collapse of the north and south towers is believable, the collapse of the third building is extremely difficult to believe as it was never touched by a plane. It seems impossible that a building that was never touched by anything except fire would completely collapse if no tower has ever been completely destroyed by a fire before (911Truth, n.d.) . According to Van Romero, an explosives expert and Vice President of the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, there had to have been explosives in the building for it to have collapsed in such a demolition-like manner. Additionally, the controlled explosions that were theorized to have taken place in the towers have been accredited with puffs of dust and debris seen being shot out from the building (Popular Mechanics, 2013). There is no way to explain the puffs of dust shooting out of the buildings from a mere fire that caused a collapse of the building without there being an external force of explosions. Because of the suspicious circumstances of the 9/11 event, there must be some amount of skepticism. The government and its leaders are historically proven to not be above lying to the public from instances like  Watergate and Iran-Contra affair. 9/11 could just as easily be the same way. Without clear answers to these questions the reality of an inside job is immense and cannot be overlooked. Although there are many who refuse to believe the official story told by the federal government, there are also large quantities of people who do believe the official story. Many people consider the World Trade Center collapse as a highly unlikely scenario unless additional force was added to bring the building down. However, others find it extremely difficult to believe that the government would commit such an atrocity and would instead argue that the structure of the building and widespread damage from debris were the main contributors to the collapse of the buildings (Popular Mechanics, 2013). Without solid proof, it is preposterous to believe a theory that does not have any facts or basis for the assertions that it makes. For example, many often believe that even if the terrorist attacks on 9/11 were true, there are still some unanswered questions. Conspiracy theorists are quick to draw a link between the 9/11 attacks and the war in Iraq claiming it was a justification for invasion as support of it being a government conspiracy. However, this is clearly false in that the justification in the intervention in Iraq was the risk that Sadam Hussein possessed weapons of mass destruction meaning that 9/11 was not needed as justification for the war in Iraq. Another reason the notion of inside job is ludicrous is because it would be impossible for all of the media to gloss over such an event had it been a governmental conspiracy. There are also no hard facts for conspirators to base their theories on meaning there is no reason to believe them. To understand the collapse of the towers it is important to understand the structure of the buildings. The twin towers were created using â€Å"innovative† design. It was built with central core columns like most other buildings. However, instead of reinforcing the columns with fireproof concrete, they decided to fortify the columns using a sprayed on form of fire proofing called â€Å"Passive† fire proofing, which was much faster but also less effective (debunking911). This is what allowed the jet fuel from the plane to be so deadly. Many people argue that jet fuel is not near hot enough to melt steel, which is actually true. However, jet fuel burns between 800 and 1500 degrees Fahrenheit while the melting point of steel is around 2750 degrees Fahrenheit. Most experts agree though that the steel doesn’t need to melt for the entire building to  collapse. According to Farid Alfawak-hiri, the senior engineer of the American Institute of Steel Construction says th at at 1100 degrees Fahrenheit, Steel loses 50 percent of its strength. At 1800 degrees Fahrenheit, Steel is less than 10 percent. This immense heat can then cause Steel to become bent and warped which can in turn collapse the entire building (Popular Mechanics 2013). The first plane crashed into the 94th through the 98th floors of the first tower; the second plane crashed into the 78th through 84th floors of the south building. Additionally, there was damage in both of the lobbies of the buildings before the collapse of the two towers. Conspirators make a common claim that the planes could not have caused that much damage to go through over 80 floors to reach the lobby without some sort of explosive material. However, The National institutes of Standards and Technology released a report revealing that the debris of the plane had sliced through the elevator shaft which created an outlet for jet fuel. If the fuel came into contact with any combustible sources, it would immediately explode causing severe damage. Jet fuel traveling down the elevator shaft would cause extensive damage to the lobby as well. A similar observation as to the cause of the damage in the lobby was noted in the South’s building also (Popular Mechanics 2013). This fact illustrates the improbability of explosives being needed to cause a collapse of the skyscrapers. Despite the plethora of convincing theories about the attack of September 11th, many people will still continue to remain unconvinced due to the lack of evidence, even if the government was truly involved with the collapse of the twin towers. Furthermore, people who don’t believe the conspiracies about the twin towers would contend that the actual structure of the building and the intense launching of debris from the crash were the causes to the collapse of the towers, not bombs planted by the government. The lack of factual evidence on the side of the conscripts coupled with the overwhelming evidence that the government was not involved makes i t nearly impossible to believe that 9/11 was an inside job. References Brain, M. (n.d.). How Conspiracy Theories Work. HowStuffWorks. Retrieved February 10, 2014, from http://people.howstuffworks.com/conspiracy-theory2.htm Debunking 9/11 Conspiracy Theories and Controlled Demolition Myths – Government Planning. (n.d.). Debunking 9/11 Conspiracy Theories and Controlled Demolition Myths – Government Planning. Retrieved February 3, 2014, from http://www.debunking911.com/meeting.htm Popular Mechanics. (n.d.). Debunking the 9/11 Myths: Special Report – The World Trade Center. Popular Mechanics. Retrieved February 10, 2014, from http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/military/news/debunking-911-myths-world-trade-center â€Å"Reality Check: More American’s are â€Å"Rethinking† 9/11† 9/11?. (n.d.). 911Truthorg. Retrieved February 10, 2014, from http://www.911truth.org/tag/controlled-demolition/ The 11 Most Compelling 9/11 Conspiracy Theories. (2012, September 11). News One RSS. Retrieved February 2, 2014, from http://newsone.com/742485/the-11-most-compelling-911-conspiracy-theories/

Complete List Which Colleges Require ACT Writing 100+ Schools

Complete List Which Colleges Require ACT Writing 100+ Schools SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips You’ve just signed up for the ACT. But did you know that there is an optional Writing test for the ACT?More importantly, do you know if your dream schools require or recommendthis ACT section? Check outour regularly updatedlist of schoolsto find out if the Writing ACT is worth your time and money. We'll then give you our top tips for acing the ACT Writing section. What Is the ACT Writing Test? The ACT Writing test is an optional essay test you can take immediately after the other sections of the ACT. It costs an additional $16.50 and 40 minutes of your time. It's available to take after the ACT on all seven national testing dates in the USA. Keep in mind when deciding to take it or not that you cannot just take the ACT Writing test on its own- you can only take it while suitably exhausted after taking all the other ACT sections! The writing test is meant to measure the writing skills you should have learned in your English classes throughout high school.It also claims to be a measure of how you might do in entry-level composition classes in college. So, what exactly is the test like? First, you'll be given a prompt that tells you about an issue. You will also be presented with three possible points of view on this topic. You then must write an essay on your point of view. You can either borrow and elaborate on one of the ones provided, or offer up a fourth viewpoint. (Sound tough?See this article for some top ACT Essay strategies.) Your ACT Writing score (which is scored on a scale of 2-12) is not part of your composite ACT score (out of 36), which consists only of your English, Math, Reading, and Science scores. Instead, your essay score is added to your English and Reading scores and then averaged to give you what is called an English Language Arts (ELA) score. Read our guide for a full breakdown ofhow the ACT is scored. Why Do Some Schools Require ACT Writing? You might be surprised to learn that not all schools require the ACT Writing test! In fact, in recent years many schools that previously required ACT Writing have opted to make the section optional or not even review it at all if students choose to take it. However, those schools that do require it think they have a pretty good reason to do so. These schools think that your essay score, combined with your English and Reading ACT scores, can help them understand your grasp of English and your ability to produce a sample of writing under pressure. This is quite a different skill compared to what they see when you submit your personal statement and other essays in your applications. They are assuming that those have been proofread by 50 of your closest friends and family members, and that they have been heavily edited and reviewed for hours on end. So while your personal statement is more like a heavily photoshopped selfie in flattering lighting, ACT Writingis more like a candid snapshot of your writing abilities. Specifically, these colleges want to get a better idea ofyour reasoning skills and your ability to defend a point of view.Can you write logically and coherently? Can you use proper sentence structure without Microsoft Word telling you what you've done wrong? The Writing Test is your chance to prove you have all these skills. Apart from your application, the combined English Language Arts score has another use for many schools. For example, colleges might use your score to help place you in different levels of English classes.So thiscould potentially save you the trouble of having to take a placement test once you arrive at college in the fall! What Kind of Colleges Require ACT Writing? Now then, what colleges actually require ACT Writing? The answer to this question might surprise you! Read on to learn which schools require the Writing section of the ACT- and which don't. Fact Check: Most Top Schools Don't Require ACT Writing Perhaps surprisingly, most top-ranked colleges and universities do notrequire ACT Writing. In recent years, many top schools, including Harvard, Yale, Princeton, Duke, Brown, and Stanford, have stopped requiring the ACT Writing test. Currently, none of the Ivy Leagues require ACT Writing. Many top public colleges, including the University of Michigan, and University of Texas,have also stopped requiring ACT Writing, althoughtheUC systemstill does require the ACT Writing section. Do Top Journalism, Humanities, and English ProgramsRequire ACT Writing? Some do, but there are quite afew notable exceptions to this.Pepperdine and George Washington University, which are known asgreat journalism schools, do not require ACT Writing (though the latter recommends it). Similarly, Georgetown and the College of the Holy Cross in Massachusetts offer great English degrees and do not require the ACT with Writing. Hamilton College in New York, Washington University in St. Louis, the University of Iowa, and Colorado College all have great writing programs and do not require the Writing ACT. Several well-known, smaller liberal arts colleges do not require (although they might recommend) the ACT with Writing; these include Amherst, Wellesley, Swarthmore,Bowdoin, Pomona, Haverford, and Davidson College. Finally, the University of Chicago is great all around for humanities and doesnot require it. Do Top Technical/Math/Science Schools Require ACT Writing? As you might expect,most of the top tech/math/science schools don't require the ACT Writing,including Caltech, MIT and the University of Michigan. Yes, tech schools also care about your writing ability. Why Should You Care About ACT Writing? Below, we've broken down by state and territory every college that either requires or recommends the ACT Plus Writing. Keep in mind that although you don't have to take the ACT with Writing, unless you want to apply to a college on the list below, you still have the option toif you wish. You can usually submit the Writing test to colleges even if they don't require it. By doing this, you allow them to consider your essayalong with the rest of your application. Some schools will treat ACT Writing as equally important to the other ACT sections, whereas others will give it less weight. But the bottom line is this:a strong Writing score will almost always help you out. If you opt to take the test and score well on it, it could be a great way to enhance your application and give you an edge! Fortunately, this is a real possibilitybecause just like every other part of the ACT, the essay can be taught so that you can excel on it. So if you're thinking of taking the ACT Plus Writing, either because you have to or because you just want that extra bright point in your application, it is definitely worth your time to study and practice so that you canmaster the ACT Essay. Another point: you might change your mind about what colleges you want to apply to, and that is another reason it's a good idea to take the ACT Plus Writing. If your plans change, you don't want to have to retake the whole ACT just because you didn't think ahead! Want to build the best possible college application? We can help. PrepScholar Admissions is the world's best admissions consulting service. We combine world-class admissions counselors with our data-driven, proprietary admissions strategies. We've overseen thousands of students get into their top choice schools, from state colleges to the Ivy League. We know what kinds of students colleges want to admit. We want to get you admitted to your dream schools. Learn more about PrepScholar Admissions to maximize your chance of getting in. Where are your dream schools on the list? Full List of Colleges That Require ACT Writing This comprehensive list of four-year universities is broken down by state. The first colleges in each section are those that require the Writing ACT; these are then followed by schools that recommend it. Recommend means that the college doesn't require it, but that scoring well on it will improve the strength of your application and help you reach equal footing with other applicants who do take it. To find your favorite schools, either scroll down to the state in which they're located or use ctrl+F to search for a specific school name. Keep in mind that school requirements frequently change (especially with the recent rise in test-optional admissions), so it's always a good idea to check with individual schools before you apply. All data comes from the official ACT, Inc. website. ALABAMA Recommended: Alabama AM University Alabama State University Auburn University Miles College Oakwood University Spring Hill College Troy University University of Alabama ALASKA Recommended: University of Alaska Fairbanks ARIZONA Recommended: Grand Canyon University University of Arizona Grand Canyon University, Arizona ARKANSAS Recommended: Crowley's Ridge College Hendrix College John Brown University CALIFORNIA Required: Chapman University Golden State Baptist College Scripps College Soka University of America UC Berkeley UC Davis UC Irvine UC Los Angeles UC Merced UC Riverside UC San Diego UC Santa Barbara UC Santa Cruz University of La Verne University of California at Berkeley Recommended: California Christian College California Lutheran University California Polytechnic State University- San Luis Obispo California State University- Bakersfield California State University - Northridge Cogswell Polytechnical College Columbia College Hollywood Dominican University of California Fashion Institute of Design Merchandising- Los Angeles Fashion Institute of Design Merchandising- San Francisco Fresno Pacific University Holy Names University New School of Architecture Design Oak Valley College Occidental College Point Loma Nazarene University Pomona College Providence Christian College San Diego Christian College Stanford University Thomas Aquinas College University of Northern California University of Redlands Westmont College Whittier College William Jessup University Pepperdine is one university thatneitherrequires nor recommends ACT Writing COLORADO Recommended: Art Institute of Colorado Colorado School of Mines Johnson Wales University- Denver Rocky Mountain College of Art Design University of Colorado- Colorado Springs CONNECTICUT Recommended: Lincoln College of New England New England Baptist College Post University Trinity College - Connecticut United States Coast Guard Academy University of Bridgeport University of Connecticut Yale University DELAWARE Required: Delaware State University Recommended: University of Delaware DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA Recommended: George Washington University Howard University Trinity (Washington) University University of the District of Columbia American University does NOTrequire the ACT Writing FLORIDA Required: Florida AM University Florida Atlantic University Florida International University Trinity Baptist College Recommended: Ave Maria University Bethune-Cookman University College of Central Florida Emmaus Baptist College Florida Baptist College - Tampa Florida College Hobe Sound Bible College Johnson Wales University- North Miami Keiser University- Pembroke Pines Naaleh College Palm Beach Atlantic University Reformation Bible College Rollins College Saint Leo University University of Tampa Webber International University Whitefield College Theological Seminary GEORGIA Required: Morris Brown College Recommended: Berry College Covenant College Fort Valley State University Morehouse College Oglethorpe University Toccoa Falls College University of West Georgia Emory University used to recommend ACT Writing but now does NOT HAWAII Required: University of Hawaii at Manoa Recommended: Hawaii Pacific University O.P. Jindal Global University IDAHO Recommended: Boise Bible College New Saint Andrews College ILLINOIS Required: Morthland College St. Joseph College Seminary VanderCook College of Music Recommended: Benedictine University Christian Life College Columbia College Chicago DanEL Christian College East-West University Eastern Illinois University Greenville College Lake Forest College Lincoln Christian University Loyola University of Chicago Methodist College of Nursing National Louis University Northern Illinois University Robert Morris University Southern Illinois University - Carbondale University of Illinois - Chicago View of the Loop from University of Illinois Chicago campus INDIANA Required: Fairhaven College Indiana University East Recommended: American Conservatory of Music Anderson University Art Institute of Indianapolis Crossroads Bible College Franklin College Holy Cross College Huntington University Indiana State University Indiana University Kokomo Indiana University Southeast Indiana University - Purdue University at Columbus Indiana Wesleyan University Purdue University Purdue University - North Central Taylor University Union Bible College University of Evansville University of Indianapolis University of Notre Dame University of Southern Indiana Valparaiso University Wabash College University of Notre Dame IOWA Recommended: Ashford University Divine Word College Faith Baptist Bible College Grand View University Iowa Wesleyan College Mercy College of Health Sciences Morningside College KANSAS Recommended: Barclay College Haskell Indian Nations University Kansas City College and Bible School McPherson College KENTUCKY Required: Louisville Bible College Simmons College of Kentucky Recommended: Campbellsville University Centre College Northern Kentucky University LOUISIANA Recommended: Louisiana State University AM - Baton Rouge Loyola University New Orleans Our Lady of the Lake College Tulane University World Evangelism Bible College Xavier University You never know where Mike the Tiger is going to show up at LSU(Derek Jensen/Flickr) MAINE Recommended: Colby College Husson University Maine Maritime Academy University of Maine at Fort Kent Universityof Maine University of New England University of Southern Maine MARYLAND Required: Washington Adventist University Recommended: Antietam Bible College Maryland Institute College of Art MASSACHUSETTS Harvard campus Recommended: Amherst College Bard College at Simon’s Rock Bay Path University Becker College Bridgewater State University Elms College Emerson College Endicott College Lesley University Massachusetts College of Pharmacology and Health Sciences Massachusetts Maritime Academy Mount Ida College Northpoint Bible College Regis College Simmons College UMass Amherst UMass Boston Wentworth Institute of Technology MICHIGAN Required: College for Creative Studies University of Michigan Recommended: Andrews University Baker College Online Baker College at Allen Park Central Michigan University Cleary University Compass College of Cinematic Arts Concordia University - Ann Arbor Cornerstone University Grace Baptist College Grace Bible College Grand Valley State University Great Lakes Christian College Madonna University Sacred Heart Major Seminary Spring Arbor University University of Michigan- Ann Arbor University of Michigan - Flint MINNESOTA Required: University of Minnesota- Rochester Recommended: Augsburg University Bethany Lutheran College Gustavus Adolphus College Hamline University Martin Luther College McNally Smith College of Music University of Minnesota - Morris University of Minnesota- Twin Cities University of Northwestern- St. Paul MISSISSIPPI None MISSOURI Required: Urshan College Recommended: Baptist Bible College College of the Ozarks Drury University Logan University Missouri Baptist University St. Louis Christian College Webster University William Jewell College MONTANA Required: University of Montana Western Recommended: Carroll College Montana State University- Bozeman Montana State University- Northern Montana Tech of the University of Montana University of Montana University of Providence Yellowstone Christian College University of Montana wins most dramatic campus location NEBRASKA Recommended: Saint Gregory the Great Seminary Summit Christian College Union College York College NEVADA Recommended: Art Institute of Las Vegas Western Nevada Community College NEW HAMPSHIRE Recommended: Keene State College New Hampshire Institute of Art Northeast Catholic College Plymouth State University Saint Anselm College NEW JERSEY Recommended: Caldwell University Centenary College Rider University Rutgers- State University of New Jersey Princeton used to require ACT Writing but now does not- lucky you! NEW MEXICO Recommended: University of the Southwest NEW YORK Required: CUNY- John Jay College of Criminal Justice Concordia College List College- Jewish Theological Seminary Molloy College SUNY College at Old Westbury SUNY Maritime College United States Military Academy (West Point) Recommended: Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences Bar-Ilan University Binghamton University- SUNY CUNY- Medgar Evers College Canisius College College of New Rochelle Cooper Union Culinary Institute of America Dominican College Farmingdale State College Globe Institute of Technology Hobart and William Smith Colleges Iona College King's College Mercy College Morrisville State College New York Institute of Technology Parsons The New School for Design Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) Rochester Institute of Technology St. John’s University SUNY College at Buffalo Stony Brook University - SUNY Touro College University at Buffalo- SUNY Webb Institute of Naval Architecture Wells College NORTH CAROLINA Required: Elizabeth City State University Fayetteville State University North Carolina Central University Queens University of Charlotte University of North Carolina School of the Arts Western Carolina University Winston-Salem State University The chapel at Duke University Recommended: Barber-Scotia College Bennett College Brevard College Davidson College East Carolina University Grace Baptist Bible College Johnson Wales University- Charlotte Laurel University Mars Hill University North Carolina State University at Raleigh North Carolina Wesleyan College Salem College University of North Carolina at Pembroke NORTH DAKOTA Recommended: Dickinson State University Mayville State University Trinity Bible College OHIO Required: God’s Bible School and College Lake Erie College Recommended: Allegheny Wesleyan College Bowling Green State University Cedarville University Cleveland Institute of Music College of Wooster Columbus College of Art and Design Heidelberg University John Carroll University Kent State University- Salem Kent State University- Stark Kent State University- Trumbull Miami University- Middletown Mount St. Joseph University Ohio University- Athens Ohio Wesleyan University South University- Cleveland Tiffin University University of Rio Grande University of Toledo Urbana University Ursuline College Walsh University Wilberforce University OKLAHOMA Required: East Central University Recommended: Hillsdale Free Will Baptist College Oklahoma Wesleyan University Saint Gregory’s University Spartan School of Aeronautics I wonder if you can still send this in? OREGON Required: Portland State University Recommended: Corban University Oregon State University Western Oregon University Willamette University PENNSYLVANIA Required: Muhlenberg College University of the Sciences in Philadelphia York College of Pennsylvania Recommended: Bryn Athyn College Bryn Mawr College Central Penn College Cheyney University of Pennsylvania Delaware Valley University Elizabethtown College Gettysburg College Gwynedd Mercy University Holy Family University Lancaster Bible College Lehigh University Lock Haven University of Pennsylvania Lycoming College Messiah College Millersville University of Pennsylvania Rosemont College Saint Francis University Seton Hill University Shippensburg University of Pennsylvania Slippery Rock University of Pennsylvania Waynesburg University May Day at Bryn Mawr RHODE ISLAND Required: Rhode Island College Rhode Island School of Design Recommended: Johnson Wales University- Providence SOUTH CAROLINA Recommended: American College of the Building Arts Charleston Southern University Coastal Carolina University College of Charleston Furman University Lander University North Greenville University South Carolina State University Southern Methodist College University of South Carolina - Aiken Voorhees College SOUTH DAKOTA Recommended: Black Hills State University TENNESSEE Recommended: Bethel University Carson-Newman University Cumberland University Fisk University Lincoln MemorialUniversity Martin Methodist College Memphis College of Art Mid-South Christian College O'More College of Design Tennessee State University University of the South TEXAS Required: Hardin-Simmons University Paul Quinn College Southwest School of Art St. Edward’s University Stephen F. Austin State University Tarleton State University University of Dallas University of Mary Hardin-Baylor Welcome! Recommended: Abilene Christian University Arlington Baptist College Art Institute of Houston Austin College Dallas Christian College Huston-Tillotson University Jarvis Christian College McMurry University Messenger College Mexican American Catholic College North American College Schreiner University Southwestern Assemblies of God University Texas AM International University Texas AM University - Corpus Christi Texas College Texas Independent Baptist School Texas Southern University Texas State University University of Houston - Main Campus University of Houston- Victoria University of Incarnate Word University of North Texas University of Texas at San Antonio University of Texas at Tyler UTAH Recommended: Brigham Young University George Wythe University Neumont University Weber State University Westminster College VERMONT Recommended: College of Saint Joseph Johnson State College Middlebury College Saint Michael’s College University of Vermont Vermont Technical College VIRGINIA Recommended: Hartland College Hollins University Old Dominion University Radford University Randolph College Randolph-Macon College University of Mary Washington WASHINGTON Required: University of Washington Tacoma Recommended: Art Institute of Seattle DigiPen Institute of Technology Eastern Washington University Saint Martin’s University Seattle Pacific University Seattle University University of Washington (Seattle) University of Washington Bothell WEST VIRGINIA Required: West Virginia University West Virginia University Institute of Technology Recommended: Bluefield State College Very dramatic, West Virginia WISCONSIN Recommended: Cardinal StritchUniversity CarrollUniversity MarquetteUniversity Saint Norbert College Silver Lake College WYOMING Recommended: Wyoming Catholic College VIRGIN ISLANDS Recommended: University of the Virgin Islands What’s Next? Now that you know whether you need to take ACT Writing, make sure you do well on it. Learn the prompts that ACT Writing tests, 15 strategies to improve your ACT Writing score, and how to get a 12 on the essay. Ready to work for a killer ACT English Language Arts Score? Make sure to remind yourself of what’s actually tested on ACT English and ACT Reading. For top strategies for scoring a 36 on ACT English, check out this article. Don’t forget the rest of the test- here are tips for getting a perfect ACT score, by a 36 full scorer. Want to improve your ACT score by 4 points? Check out our best-in-class online ACT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your ACT score by 4 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes your prep program to your strengths and weaknesses. We also have expert instructors who can grade every one of your practice ACT essays, giving feedback on how to improve your score. Check out our 5-day free trial: